The author argues that biological energy is the key to evolution and how complex cells arose from bacteria. He demonstrates how the properties of life emerged from the disequilibrium of the planet, how the origin of life was driven by energy flux, that proton gradients were key to the emergence of cells, and that their use constricted the structure of bacteria and archaea. He describes how these constraints affected the later evolution of cells and kept bacteria and archaea simple organisms, and how an endosymbiosis in which one bacterium got inside an archaeon broke those constraints and enabled the evolution of more complex cells, and why it only happened once. He discusses how this relationship predicts the properties of complex cells, such as the nucleus, sex, two sexes, and the distinction between the immortal germline and the mortal body, and how this can allow the prediction of fertility and fitness in youth and aging and disease. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com) Read Less